Trade secret misappropriation hypos

Below you will find the text of Florida’s version of the UTSA, followed by a number of examples of misappropriation.

FLORIDA STATUTES, CHAPTER 688: UNIFORM TRADE SECRETS ACT

688.001, Short title.—Sections 688.001-688.009 may be cited as the “Uniform Trade Secrets Act.”

688.002, Definitions.—As used in ss. 688.001-688.009, unless the context requires otherwise:

(1) “Improper means” includes theft, bribery, misrepresentation, breach or inducement of a breach of a duty to maintain secrecy, or espionage through electronic or other means.

(2) “Misappropriation” means:

(a) Acquisition of a trade secret of another by a person who knows or has reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by improper means; or

(b) Disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without express or implied consent by a person who:

  1. Used improper means to acquire knowledge of the trade secret; or
  2. At the time of disclosure or use, knew or had reason to know that her or his knowledge of the trade secret was:
    1. Derived from or through a person who had utilized improper means to acquire it;
    2. Acquired under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its use; or
    3. Derived from or through a person who owed a duty to the person seeking relief to maintain its secrecy or limit its use; or
  3. Before a material change of her or his position, knew or had reason to know that it was a trade secret and that knowledge of it had been acquired by accident or mistake.

(3) “Person” means a natural person, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, association, joint venture, government, governmental subdivision or agency, or any other legal or commercial entity.

(4) “Trade secret” means information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique, or process that:

(a) Derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; and

(b) Is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.

688.003, Injunctive relief.

(1) Actual or threatened misappropriation may be enjoined. Upon application to the court, an injunction shall be terminated when the trade secret has ceased to exist, but the injunction may be continued for an additional reasonable period of time in order to eliminate commercial advantage that otherwise would be derived from the misappropriation.

(2) In exceptional circumstances, an injunction may condition future use upon payment of a reasonable royalty for no longer than the period of time for which use could have been prohibited. Exceptional circumstances include, but are not limited to, a material and prejudicial change of position prior to acquiring knowledge or reason to know of misappropriation that renders a prohibitive injunction inequitable.

(3) In appropriate circumstances, affirmative acts to protect a trade secret may be compelled by court order.

688.004, Damages.

(1) Except to the extent that a material and prejudicial change of position prior to acquiring knowledge or reason to know of misappropriation renders a monetary recovery inequitable, a complainant is entitled to recover damages for misappropriation. Damages can include both the actual loss caused by misappropriation and the unjust enrichment caused by misappropriation that is not taken into account in computing actual loss. In lieu of damages measured by any other methods, the damages caused by misappropriation may be measured by imposition of liability for a reasonable royalty for a misappropriator’s unauthorized disclosure or use of a trade secret.

(2) If willful and malicious misappropriation exists, the court may award exemplary damages in an amount not exceeding twice any award made under subsection (1).

688.005, Attorney’s fees.—If a claim of misappropriation is made in bad faith, a motion to terminate an injunction is made or resisted in bad faith, or willful and malicious misappropriation exists, the court may award reasonable attorney’s fees to the prevailing party.

688.006, Preservation of secrecy.—In an action under ss. 688.001-688.009, a court shall preserve the secrecy of an alleged trade secret by reasonable means, which may include granting protective orders in connection with discovery proceedings, holding in camera hearings, sealing the records of the action, and ordering any person involved in the litigation not to disclose an alleged trade secret without prior court approval.

688.007, Statute of limitations.—An action for misappropriation must be brought within 3 years after the misappropriation is discovered or by the exercise of reasonable diligence should have been discovered. For the purposes of this section, a continuing misappropriation constitutes a single claim.

688.008, Effect on other law.

(1) Except as provided in subsection (2), ss. 688.001-688.009 displace conflicting tort, restitutory, and other law of this state providing civil remedies for misappropriation of a trade secret.

(2) This act does not affect:

(a) Contractual remedies, whether or not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret;

(b) Other civil remedies that are not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret; or

(c) Criminal remedies, whether or not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret.

688.009, Uniformity of application and construction.—Sections 688.001-688.009 shall be applied and construed to effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law with respect to the subject of this act among states enacting it.

From <http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0600-0699/0688/0688.html>


MISAPPROPRIATION HYPOS (interspersed with statutory text):

Misappropriation” means:

(a) Acquisition of a trade secret of another by a person who knows or has reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by improper means; or

A breaks into safe at Kroca-Kola headquarters, steals Kroca-Kola formula (acquisition).

(b) Disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without express or implied consent by a person who:

1. Used improper means to acquire knowledge of the trade secret; or

A breaks into the Kroca-Kola safe, steals the secret formula (acquisition), and publishes the formula (disclosure);

A breaks into the Kroca-Kola safe, steals the secret formula (acquisition), and starts to make and sell her own Kroca-Kola (use).

2. At the time of disclosure or use, knew or had reason to know that her or his knowledge of the trade secret was:

a. Derived from or through a person who had utilized improper means to acquire it;

A steals the Kroka-Kola formula (acquisition). B buys it from A (B “derives” i.e., obtains TS from A), and then B publishes the formula (disclosure).

A steals the Kroka-Kola formula (acquisition). B buys it from A (B “derives” i.e., obtains TS from A), and then B starts selling his own Kroca-Kola (use).

b. Acquired under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its use; or

C is president of Kroca-Kola and has lawful access to the formula as part of job (giving rise to duty to keep the TS secret). C later decides to post the secret formula to the internet (disclosure).

C is president of Kroca-Kola and has lawful access to the formula as part of job (giving rise to duty to keep the TS secret). C later goes to work for a competitor and starts selling a competing product using the Kroka-Kola formula (use).

c. Derived from or through a person who owed a duty to the person seeking relief to maintain its secrecy or limit its use; or

C is president of Kroca-Kola and has lawful access to the formula as part of job (giving rise to duty to keep the TS secret). D buys secret formula from C (derivation).  D publishes the secret formula (disclosure).

C is president of Kroca-Kola and has lawful access to the formula as part of job (giving rise to duty to keep the TS secret). D buys secret formula from C (derivation). D starts to make a soft drink using the Kroka-Kola formula (use).

  1. Before a material change of her or his position, knew or had reason to know that it was a trade secret and that knowledge of it had been acquired by accident or mistake.

Kroca-Kola President C is on a business trip.  While on a plane, President C accidentally leaves a copy of the formula sitting on his seat (the mistake). The formula contains a legend saying “secret formula for Kroca-Kola” (information sufficient to provide knowledge to others). E later finds and reads the formula on the seat (reading the document gives him knowledge of the Kroka-Kola trade secret and that it is a trade secret). E then publishes the Kroca-Kola formula (disclosure).

The same facts as the hypo above. But instead of publishing the formula, E starts making and selling his own E-COLA™ soft drink using the Kroca-Kola formula (use).

Counter-factual: What if the paper with the formula did not mention Kroca-Kola, did not say “secret,” and E did not realize it was the secret formula for Kroca-Kola? Would E then lack knowledge that it was a trade secret? If so, would E’s later use or disclosure constitute trade secret misappropriation?